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The Finn that I bought for rebuilding came with a
early round Southern carbon mast. Typically all round Finn masts are
too soft to effectively compete with wing masts.
The reason
is simple, wing masts by their inherit design have larger
almost flat surfaces in the fore/aft plane into which stiffness can
be easily built. On round masts this surface is minimal, especially
near the tip only being some 20mm wide and in an arc while on the
wing mast this is close to 60mm and basically flat.
How then
to get the bending performance of a wing mast out of a cheaper
to produce round mast? Or for those who cannot afford a wing mast
but wanting to improve the performance of their round
mast. |
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The answer was simple and a throw back for us
oldies who used to race with wooden masts. With a wooden masts one
simply glued on a piece of wood were the mast was too soft and
sanded some off, where too stiff.
Why not do the same with a
round carbon mast? |
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Mast bends before starting work were (using
12kg at the tip) |
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Fore / Aft |
Offset |
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SideWays |
Offset |
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Tip Deflection |
620 mm |
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Tip Deflection |
525 mm |
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3/4 |
115 mm |
79% |
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3/4 |
128 mm |
91% |
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1/2 |
145 mm |
100% |
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1/2 |
140 mm |
100% |
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1/4 |
100 mm |
69% |
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1/4 |
100 mm |
71% | |
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The percentage figures are the variation of the
1/4 and 3/4 bends from the 1/2 point offset.
Target mast
bends were these Wilke derived ones. Though the sideways 3/4
offset is a bit softer then I would have desired. |
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Fore / Aft |
Offset |
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SideWays |
Offset |
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Tip Deflection |
525 mm |
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Tip Deflection |
372 mm |
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3/4 |
86 mm |
75% |
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3/4 |
109 mm |
94% |
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1/2 |
114 mm |
100% |
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1/2 |
116 mm |
100% |
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1/4 |
86 mm |
75% |
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1/4 |
73 mm |
63% | |
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To get the required fore/aft width, an
offcut from a broken America's Cup main sail batten was glued
to the front of the mast.
Starting at maximum depth of
the mast permissible at the tip (55mm including small crane
section at the back of the mast) and tapering down to 5mm,
1200mm down the mast.
While not everyone will have an
broken sail batten lying around the yard, a good substitute
would be a non-compressable foam or a light weight timber such
as Spruce or Oregon. The reason for having a core is to
increase stiffness.
A cored spar is far stiffer then a
hollow tube. Tests with hollow cored fairings showed no
significant changes to the mast bend figures. |
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Time could have been spent making a nice
shape but I dont think that when travelling at the maximum
boat speed of 15 knots, the masts aerodynamical shape is going
to be critically important.
Main point was to get
the maximum amount of flat surface in the fore/aft plane.
The closer this flat plane is to the centreline the softer the
mast tip will be.
As the material I used for the core
was 14mm thick I left it at that. Simply faired it into the
front of the mast).
Carbon layup on the core was four
layers of 200gm uni's in parallel with the mast. |
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| Mast bends after the addition of the core and carbon at the tip
of the mast were |
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Fore / Aft |
Offset |
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SideWays |
Offset |
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Tip Deflection |
590 mm |
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Tip Deflection |
480 mm |
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3/4 |
92 mm |
72% |
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3/4 |
107 mm |
84% |
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1/2 |
127 mm |
100% |
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1/2 |
127 mm |
100% |
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1/4 |
90 mm |
71% |
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1/4 |
92 mm |
72% | |
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Judging by the percentage figures the fore/aft
curve was slightly stiffer than target while the sideways curve got
the required extra stiffness at the 3/4 but is a bit soft at the
1/4.
The larger then desired tip deflections and the 1/2
(midpoint) offsets show a overall softness down low. |
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To increase the overall stiffness of the
mast, six layers of 200gm carbon uni's were layed up on the
front and sides of the mast from the heel to a height of 2
meters.
The combination of stiffening the tip and the
bottom of the mast resulted in the final mast bend figures in
the table below.
The only areas of concern are the
tip deflections being higher than target.
The critical
measurement of sideways tip stiffness has been achieved.
Because the tip of the mast no longer falls off, the top 1/3
of the sail generates more power and lift.
The tip
fore/aft stiffness (where wing masts have the edge) results in
the sail keeping it's shape in the all important top 1/3 when
sheeted home. Lack of mast curvature means the sail
doesn't get flatten when sheeting in. |
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Fore / Aft |
Offset |
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SideWays |
Offset |
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Tip Deflection |
575 mm |
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Tip Deflection |
415 mm |
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3/4 |
89 mm |
75% |
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3/4 |
92 mm |
80% |
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1/2 |
119 mm |
100% |
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1/2 |
115 mm |
100% |
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1/4 |
90 mm |
76% |
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1/4 |
72 mm |
63% | |
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While all the work increased the mast weight to
8.70 kg the balance point remained spot on.
The increase in
performance was staggering. From struggling to stay up with the top
sailors to racing with them. Have height, power and
speed.
And equally importantly I didn't have to spend any
money for a new mast!! Just elbow grease and a bit of
thinking. |
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